What adjective would describe a situation or state that can cause pity or sorrow?

The adjective that describes a situation or state that can cause pity or sorrow is "rueful." This term conveys a sense of regret or sorrow, often reflecting on something that has gone wrong or a situation that is unfortunate. When something is described as rueful, it typically evokes feelings of sympathy or pity in the observer, as it indicates a deep understanding of loss or distress.

In contrast, "exhilarating" refers to something that brings excitement or joy, which does not align with the feelings of pity or sorrow. "Encouraging" carries a positive connotation, suggesting support and motivation, again not fitting the context of eliciting sorrow. "Confounding" refers to something that is perplexing or confusing, which does not directly relate to emotional responses of pity or sorrow. Therefore, "rueful" is the most fitting choice for describing a situation that elicits such feelings.